8.7 Europe During the Interwar Period

3 min read•january 14, 2023

Bretnea Turner

Isabela Padilha Vilela

Bretnea Turner

Isabela Padilha Vilela

AP European History 🇪🇺

335 resources

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The interwar period in Europe was affected by American isolationism, distrust between democratic and other nation, and the expension of communist and fascist states.

Remember that in previous guides we mentioned the failure of the League of nations? It was during this period that the lack of guidance from the organization led to chaos and imbalances throughout the European region. On top of that, Americans believed that they should avoid intervening in European affairs. Due to the disastrous outcomes of WWI, the U.S decided to focus on domestic affairs instead. However, this policy led to a lack of consolidated leadership in League of Nations, and the U.S felt compelled to intervene only when Nazism began to pose a deep threat to the rest of the world. 🌎

States’ Expansion Allowed by European Powers

It is important to notice, as you read the table below, how nations were breaking previous agreements made post-WWI. The lack of cooperation was clear and nationalism inteded to garner more economic and territorial power to non-democratic nation-states.

Germany Remilitarized the Rhineland (between France and Germany)	Germany remilitarized the Rhineland, or the area around the Rhine River between Germany and France to create a buffer zone. There was no conflict between the two, but tensions t to rise in France knowing there was a German force stationed at their border. Hitler made this choice to make a potential invasion much faster, as they would have to cover less ground if they were already at the border; however, it was marketed as defense for Germany.
Italy Invades Ethiopia	Italy first tried to take Ethiopia after the Partition of Africa in the 1890’s, but failed. A border skirmish in 1935 opened the opportunity for Mussolini to try again, and he was successful. The British highly protested the invasion, seeing that they claimed land in East Africa. Other than their opposition, the League of Nations was rendered ineffective and unable to stop Italy.
Anschluss of Austria by Germany	Austria had recently adopted fascist policies to model Italy and had dissolved their parliament. This made their annexation by Germany both easy and welcomed by many in Austria. While the Nazis still overtook the Austrian fascist government and killed their Chancellor, the unification of Austria and Germany was relatively easy for Germany. This was a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
Appeasement of Hitler and German Annexation of the Sudetenland	At a meeting in Munich among France, Great Britain, and Germany, the region of the Sudetenland was given to Hitler and Germany to keep peace among the nations. Hitler had made the argument that the region of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia was culturally German and the land could be used for farming, which was much needed in Germany. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain appeased the wishes of Hitler, despite the fact that he had already broken the terms of the Treaty of Versailles multiple times.
Nazi and Soviet Non-Aggression Pact	The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia was a non-aggression pact. It also promised certain territories - Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, part of Poland, and Finland - to the Soviets and much of Poland was to go to Nazi Germany as well. Effectively, this redrew the borders in Eastern Europe and, like the other territorial movements, violated the Treaty of Versailles.