APUSH Period 4 Review (1800-1848)

Period 4: Democracy & Expansion (1800-1848)

PERIOD 4 DATES TO KNOW

PERIOD 4 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. How did the United States government adapt to changing demographics in the early 19th century?
2. In what ways did the market revolution impact American society?
3. How did the US participate in foreign affairs in the early 19th century?

Past Essay Questions from Period 4

PERIOD 4 KEY CONCEPTS - COURSE OUTLINE

4.1. Developing a Modern Democracy

1. Suffrage was expanded, which led to the growth of political parties.
   1. Political parties in the early 1800s debated tariffs, federal powers, and foreign policy.
   2. The Supreme Court defined judiciary powers as interpreting the Constitution.
   3. New political parties including Democrats and Whigs continued to debate the role of the federal government in terms of banking, tariffs, and infrastructure.
      • Study Guide: Expanding Democracy and The Jacksonian Era
   4. Slavery and economic policy continued to divide Americans through regional politics.
2. Distinctive cultures developed across America as national culture strengthened during the Era of Good Feelings.
   1. Second Great Awakening sparked moral and social reforms.
   2. New national culture developed to combine American & European influences.
   3. Romantic styles inspired literature, art, and architecture.
      • 🖋️ Study Guide: American Culture in the Early 19th Century
   4. Black communities both enslaved and free developed distinctive cultures and resistance strategies to protect their families and traditions.
3. Activists worked outside of government to advance ideals.
   1. Volunteer organizations sought to improve society through temperance.
   2. Abolition movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North.
   3. Movement for women’s rights hosted Seneca Falls Convention.

4.2. Innovations accelerated the American economy

1. New transportation expanded production.
   1. The market revolution resulted in more organization of production.
   2. Innovations (machinery, steam engine, telegraph) increased efficiency of production.
      • 🏭 Study Guide: Industrialization
   3. Legislation developed infrastructure and transportation networks.
2. The market revolution had a significant impact on US society.
   1. More Americans worked in factories and no longer relied on subsistence agriculture.
   2. The middle class emerged as industrialization made expanded the gap between wealthy elite and poor laborers.
   3. Gender and family roles changed as more women worked in factories.
      • 💸 Study Guide: Society and Culture in the Industrial Age
3. Economic development unified the nation and encouraged regional differences.
   1. Immigration to northern cities increased and many Americans moved west.
   2. Southern cotton production increased and Northern manufacturing developed.
   3. Southern identity was built on agriculture.
   4. Attempts to unify the US economy (the American System) sparked debates.

4.3. Foreign Policy

1. The US continued to claim territory throughout North America in the Age of Jackson.
   1. After the Louisiana Purchase, the US continued to seek more control over North America through exploration, military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomacy through the Monroe Doctrine.
   2. The federal government relocated Native American communities to clear the frontier.
2. New lands in the west increased tensions over slavery.
   1. Overcultivation in the south forced plantations to relocate west of the Appalachians.
   2. Anti-slavery activists continued efforts throughout the country.
   3. The Missouri Compromise attempted appeasement, but only curbed tensions over slavery temporarily.

LIST OF CONCEPTS & VOCABULARY FROM PERIOD 4

• "Star-Spangled Banner"
• abolition
• American System
• Andrew Jackson
• Barbary pirates
• Battle of New Orleans
• Charles Finney
• Cult of domesticity
• Dorothea Dix
• Eli Whitney
• Embargo Act
• Era of Good Feelings
• Erie Canal
• factory system
• Frederick Douglas
• Free African Society
• Gibbons v. Ogden
• Grimke sisters
• Hartford Convention
• Henry Clay
• Hudson River School
• Indian Removal Act
• industrialization
• John C. Calhoun
• John Marshall
• judicial review
• King Cotton
• labor unions
• Lewis & Clark Expedition
• Louisiana Purchase
• Lowell system
• Marbury v. Madison
• market revolution
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• Mexican-American War
• Missouri Compromise (1820)
• Monroe Doctrine
• Mormons
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• nativism
• Nat Turner
• Nullification Crisis
• Samuel Slater
• Second Bank of the US
• Second Great Awakening
• sectionalism
• Seminole Wars
• Seneca Falls Convention
• specialization
• Spoils System
• Susan B. Anthony
• Tecumseh
• Toussaint l'Ouverture
• Trail of Tears
• transcendentalism
• Treaty of Ghent
• war hawks
• War of 1812
• Whigs
• William Henry Harrison